Topic: Biological Theories of Crime PREPARED BY UMAIR 2. ; Baker et al.). ; Mednick et al.). ), VAN DUSEN, KAREN; MEDNICK, SARNOFF A.; GABRIELLI, WILLIAM F.; and HUTCHINGS, BARRY. This finding is supportive of the contention that females are faced with more social pressures to remain law-abiding than males and therefore females who violate these social norms may have an added genetic push toward these behaviors. ‘‘Genetic Influences in Criminal Convictions: Evidence From an Adoption Cohort.’’, MEDNICK, SARNOFF; MACHON, RICARDO A.; HUTTUNEN, MATTI O.; and BARR, CHRISTOPHER E. ‘‘Influenza and Schizophrenia: Helsinki vs. Edinburgh.’’, MEDNICK, SARNOFF; MACHON, RICARDO A.; HUTTUNEN, MATTI O.; and BONNET, D. ‘‘Adult Schizophrenia following Prenatal Exposure to an Influenza Epidemic.’’, MEDNICK, SARNOFF; MACHON, RICARDO A.; and HUTTENEN, MATTI. crime. Since these adoptees were separated from their incarcerated mothers at birth, this tends to implicate a heritable component to antisocial behavior. 4. Earlier twin studies reported considerable variations in the pairwise concordance rates (among monozygotic twins from 100 percent to 25 percent and in dizygotic twins from 81 percent to 0 percent). The sample consisted of fifty-two adoptees (including twenty-seven males) born between 1925 and 1956 to a group of forty-one incarcerated female offenders. A separate series of adoption studies carried out in Iowa by Cadoret and colleagues (1980, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1995) have supported Crowe’s original findings. Specifically, the risk of criminality among adoptees of criminal biological parents was significantly reduced if they were adopted into middle to high SES adoptive homes. II. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. Such requirements, however, have been met by adoption studies from two Scandinavian countries, Denmark and Sweden. RAINE, ADRIAN. Grove found substantial overlap between the genetic influences for both childhood conduct disorders (correlation of .41) and adult antisocial behaviors (correlation of .28). This is … Type II alcoholics are typically males with alcohol and criminal registrations. Charles Manson criminal offense marked a significant mark in the American’s law system. Lombroso based his theory on the assumption that criminals have … Twin and adoption studies lend support to the notion that criminal behavior has important genetic influences. This paper seeks to analyze the application of both biological and sociological theories in Charles Manson’s case stating their effectiveness in the understanding of the crime. Family studies focus on the criminal history and background of families. Some of these children, either full or half-siblings, were placed in different adoptive homes. In contrast, there is relatively little evidence about a genetic connection with violent crime. Mednick, Gabrielli, and Hutchins carried out a study of the genetic influence on criminal behavior using an extensive data set consisting of 14,427 Danish adoptees (ranging in age from twenty-nine to fifty-two years) and both sets of biological and adoptive parents. There is also a relatively limited but growing body of evidence about the risk and protective factors associated with particular genes. The ‘‘second-trimester schizophrenics’’ were interviewed and found to differ from noninfluenza exposed schizophrenics in that their symptom picture was dominated by suspiciousness and delusions (Machon and Mednick). Twin and adoption studies have been employed to address this question, yielding mixed results. One of the limitations of the biochemical studies is that CSF metabolites reflect presynaptic neurotransmitter activity; therefore, it is not known what is occurring at the postsynaptic level. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. One of the chief findings to emerge from the Swedish Adoption Study is evidence for a distinct, highly heritable form of alcoholism and criminality that may be transmitted from father to son (Cloninger et al., 1981). Of the 126 male-male half-sibling pairs in the study 31 pairs had at least one member of the sibship convicted. Recently, an impressive body of evidence, primarily obtained from biochemical studies, has accumulated regarding the role of the serotonin system in criminal behavior. And Buss is one of the major psychologists associated with that. ‘‘In Vivo Association between Alcohol Intoxication, Aggression and Serotonin Transporter Availability in Nonohuman Primates.’’, HESTON, LEE ‘‘Psychiatric Disorders in FosterHome Reared Children of Schizophrenics.’’, HIBBELN, J. R.; LINNOILA, M.; UMHAU, J. C.; RAWLINGS, R.; GEORGE, D. T.; and SALEM, N. ‘‘Essential Fatty Acids Predict Metabolites of Serotonin and Dopamine in Cerebrospinal Fluid among Healthy Control Subjects, and Early and Late-Onset Alcoholics.’’, HIGLEY, J. DEE; THOMPSON, W.; CHAMPOUX, M.: GOLDMAN, D.; HAERT, M. F.; KRAEMER, G. W.; SCANLAN, J. M.; SUOMU, S. J.; and LINNOILA, M. ‘‘Paternal and Maternal Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Rhesus Monkeys.’’, LAPPALAINEN, JAAKKO; LONG, JEFFREY; EGGERT, MONICA; OZAKI, NORIO; ROBIN, ROBERT W.; BROWN, GERALD L.; NAUKKARINEN, HANNU; VIRKKUNEN, MATTI; LINNOILA, MARKKU; and GOLDMAN, DAVID. ‘‘Alcoholism and Antisocial Personality: Interrelationships, Genetic and Environmental Factors.’’, CADORET, REMI; TROUGHTON, ED; and O’GORMAN, THOMAS. It may also be difficult if not impossible to identify a specific month or trimester associated with the highest risk of negative outcome in cases where the teratogen is present throughout development, or when the long-term effects of the teratogen may linger and have residual effects throughout the period of gestation. Adoption studies have been carried out in three different countries: the United States, Sweden, and Denmark. ‘‘Mental Illness and Criminal Violence.’’, MOFFIT, TEMI ‘‘Parental Mental Disorder and Offspring Criminal Behavior: An Adoption Study.’’. With these recent studies in mind, Brennan, Grekin, and Mednick investigated the association between maternal smoking and criminal violence using a Danish birth cohort of 4,129 males. A potentially more serious methodological concern is that, with the exception of Dalgaard and Kringlen’s study and the twin study that follows, all other twin samples suffered from biased samples. If neither the biological nor adoptive parents were convicted, 13.5 percent of the sons were convicted. In the past fifteen years, however, a large body of evidence has accumulated that suggests that the etiology of criminal behavior may be better understood when genetic and biological factors are also taken into account. These findings were later replicated in independent adoption studies carried out in Sweden by Sigvardsson and others (1996) and in a reanalysis of the Danish Adoption Project (Tehrani and Mednick, forthcoming). Well, we know that he lives in a poor neighborhood and has a rough relationship with his parents. Evidence for this contention is provided by two independent adoption studies in which female property offenders had a much higher percentage of biological parents who were property offenders than did male adoptees (Sigvardsson et al. Cross-fostering Analysis of Gene-Environment Interaction.’’, CROWE, RAYMOND ‘‘An Adoption Study of Antisocial Behavior.’’, DALGAARD, OLE, and KRINGLEN, EINAR A. For example, chapter 3 deals with the field of phrenology, the popular 19th century notion of being able to understand character and conduct by examining the contours of the skull. These conclusions, however, are drawn from a subject pool of forensic patients, representing a sample of heavily violent individuals. The present authors are currently investigating the possible genetic link between violence and alcoholism (Tehrani and Mednick, forthcoming). Therefore, given the limited utility of family studies to separate issues of nature versus nurture, this section will focus on two other epidemiological research designs that are better equipped to test for genetic effects. Genetics being one of them. The positivists (who used experimental or inductive method in making generalisations) rejected the concept of ‘free will’ advocated by the classicists and the neo-classicists and laid emphasis on the doctrine of ‘determinism’. Although these findings are based on a small number of subjects, the Grove findings are congruent with the findings from other twin studies and extend the twin literature by evaluating MZ twins raised in separate environments. Whether one desires to become a lawyer, crime scene investigator, law enforcement officer, they will need to understand the different theories of crime. Families with criminal backgrounds, are said to be more likely to produce children with criminal tendencies also, almost as though crime is a gene carried through generations. ‘‘CSF Biochemistries, Glucose Metabolism, and Diurnal Activity Rhythms in Alcoholic, Violent Offenders, Fire Setters and Healthy Volunteers.’’. Conversely, low adoptive parent socioeconomic status interacted with criminality in the biological parents to increase the adoptee’s risk of criminality. Sex chromosomes are termed X and Y. Social factors, on the other hand, cannot be inherited. Another concern relates to the issue of timing. On the basis of these findings, Virkkunen and colleagues propose that low serotonin may be a biological marker specific to impulsive violent offending accompanied by alcoholism. These methods have recently been applied to the study of criminal behavior, lending support to the theory that criminal behavior may be associated with brain dysfunction. Linnoila and colleagues have reported that within the context of a Finnish forensic population, violent offenders and impulsive fire-setters evidenced lower mean CSF 5-HIAA than normal controls (Virkkunen et al., 1989). The book is a careful, critical examination of each research approach and conclusion. To remedy this limitation, symptoms that contribute to the overall DSM-III diagnoses were counted to assess for subclinical manifestations of antisocial problems. Although the genetic effect for property offenses was greater than for violent offenses, the data suggest that violent offenses, as assessed by official crime statistics, may also have a heritable underlying component. ‘‘Predisposition to Petty Criminality in Swedish Adoptees.’’, BRENNAN, PATRICIA: GREKIN, EMILY R.; and MEDNICK, SARNOFF A. The results indicated that property crime was not significantly associated with period of exposure to the influenza virus. Until recently, the majority of criminological research focused solely on social contributors, either minimizing or negating the importance of genetic and biological influences on criminal behavior. The biological theory of criminology says that criminals and non-criminals are biologically different. Biological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through examination of individual characteristics. The link between frontal dysfunction and impulsive, violent criminality is consistent with the notion that frontal lobe damage may be associated with a variety of correlates of violent behavior, including impulsivity, behavioral disinhibition, and poor concentration (Raine, 1993). One such disorder that may elevate the risk of violent offending in children is the presence of alcoholism in the biological parents. Results from neuropsychological measures, for example, have consistently found neurological deficits to be present among antisocial persons than in nonantisocial persons. Get discount 10% for the first order. Several characteristics of the Iowa adoption studies carried out by Cadoret and colleagues should be noted. Social factors are a reflection of environmental sources of influence, such as socioeconomic status. Terrie Moffit’s Two-Path theory is one example. Biological Theories “Biological theories of crime focus on the physiological, biochemical, neurological, and genetic factors that influence criminal behavior. ‘‘Modeling Genetic and Environmental Influences in the Etiology of Conduct Disorder: A Study of 2,682 Adult Twin Pairs.’’, TEHRANI, JASMINE; and MEDNICK, SARNOFF A. Moreover, violent offending, but not property offending, among the biological parents was associated with severe alcohol-related problems in the adopted-away males. These independent replications lend support to the notion that criminal behavior may have important genetic influences. Biological Theories of Criminal Activity These theories are offered by modern criminologist who relates the interaction in between surrounding social and physical environments with biological influences and how it in turn shapes behavioral propensity and criminal activities too. View sample criminology research paper on biological theories of crime. The recent finding that maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to criminal violence in exposed offspring, along with Rantakallio’s study, suggests the possibility that chemicals contained in cigarette smoke may alter fetal brain neurochemistry. Variability in criteria for criminal behavior and sample composition does not appear to change the genetic effect, an outcome which suggests that criminal behavior and correlates of antisocial behavior (i.e., antisocial symptom counts, conduct disorder) may be genetically mediated. Rational choice theory: People generally act in their self-interest and make decisions to commit crime after weighing the potential risks (including getting caught and punished) against the rewards. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. Despite these issues, it is likely that our understanding of the biological and genetic underpinnings of criminal behavior will be greatly advanced through continued developments in brain imaging research. The twin design, as discussed earlier, is limited in that the assumption of equal environments is often violated. Other, more direct measures of biological functioning, may provide additional information regarding the role of biological factors in the etiology of criminal behavior. In line with this hypothesis, Carey (1992) suggests that MZ twins may imitate one another more than DZ twins, and that this phenomenon could lead to an overestimation of heritability. Lombroso’s Biological Theory of Crime Essay 617 Words | 3 Pages. The limitation of family studies is the inability to separate the genetic and environmental sources of variation. These studies have been extended to investigate whether serotonin levels can differentiate offender populations based upon type of the index offense and the presence or absence of alcohol abuse and violence in firstdegree family members. Much attention has recently been paid to the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and negative behavioral outcomes among exposed fetuses. There were 126 male-male halfsibling pairs placed in separate adoptive homes. Apart from the lack of specificity in information, efforts to investigate the role of serotonin in behavioral outcomes in humans have been challenging due to the fact that CSF levels of serotonin are collected via a lumbar puncture. ‘‘Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of Alcoholism.’’, SIGVARDSSON, SOREN; CLONINGER, C. ROBERT; BOHMAN, MICHAEL; and VON KNORRING, ANNE LIS. Biosocial criminology tries to break this down and explain why certain factors can contribute to criminal behavior. In short, what is needed is the use of criminal national registries that would provide a better opportunity to assess lifetime, cumulative records for all subjects (both biological and adoptive parents and adoptees). They found that adopted-away sons had an elevated risk of having a court conviction if their biological parent, rather than their adoptive parent, had one or more court convictions. Technological advances, such as the use of brain imaging, will undoubtedly provide exciting new data on the biological underpinnings of criminal behavior. One such teratogen that has been extensively investigated is the timing of maternal influenza exposure in relation to negative outcomes in the exposed fetuses. These data, obtained from three different countries and in different laboratories, lend support to the notion that criminal behavior appears to have a strong genetic component. Moreover, as the number of biological parental convictions increased, the rate of adoptees with court convictions increased. Due to the highly selective nature of the sample, results must be interpreted cautiously. Females carry a combination of XX, and males carry a combination of XY. He did not differentiate between criminality alone in the biological fathers and criminality accompanied by alcohol abuse in the biological fathers. These efforts have been fueled by the robust finding that alcoholism and violence, in humans and nonhuman primates, may be related to serotonergic dysregulation (Virkkunen et al., 1989; Higley et al., 1992). Other, more recent techniques, have been applied to uncover the structural and functional properties of the brain in relation to criminal behavior. Taken together, twin and adoption studies provide convincing evidence that criminal behavior, in both males and females, may have genetic influences. Early Biological theories Many Biological theories are concerned with the concepts of Genetics. In a classic study, Heston followed up a sample of forty-seven offspring born to schizophrenic mothers and compared them to a group of matched controls from the same orphanage. A marked increase of probandwise concordance for criminal behavior among monozygotic twins suggests that the MZ twins inherit some biological characteristic(s) that increases their joint risk for criminal involvement. For this theory of crime to be plausible, it must make a few simple assumptions about humanity. LEARNING OUTLINE: The • Defi The • Descr 3. Results from more recent twin studies are largely in agreement with results obtained from earlier twin studies. Although the numbers are small, these findings suggest that as the level of genetic relationship increases, the level of concordance increases. This is how your paper can get an A! Biological theory of crime 1. Prenatal nicotine exposure has also been associated with criminal offending. Heritability for property offenses was found to be .78 while heritability for violent offenses was .50. Virkkunen and others (1994) reported that impulsive violent offenses and impulsive firesetters were found to evidence lower CSF 5HIAA concentration levels; violent alcohol offenders whose index crime was not found to be impulsive had normal CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. Now, this case I just said is probably the most dominant psychological and biological theory to date. Seven of the fifty-two adoptees sustained a criminal conviction as adults whereas only one of the control adoptees had a conviction. New York: Wiley, 1996. The importance of gene-environment interactions are illustrated in several adoption studies. If the sperm that fertilizes a female egg is carrying a Y chromosome, the resulting embryo will develop into a male fetus (XY… Lower levels of serotonin have been found to distinguish criminals from noncriminals in both forensic and community samples. Cloninger and others (1982) and Van Dusen and others (1983) have reported that adoptive parent SES appears to interact with genetic vulnerability for criminality. The emphasis on the index offense as opposed to the qualitative nature of the cumulative criminal history, however, may be interpreted as a weakness of this study. ‘‘Genetic Cross-relationships between Criminal Behavior and Severe Alcohol-related Problems.’’ (Manuscript submitted. Cadoret and others (1995) reported that a biological background of antisocial problems interacted with adverse environmental conditions, such as the presence of a psychiatric condition in the adoptive family, separation or divorce of the adoptive parents, adoptive parent alcohol or drug abuse, to increase the risk of childhood conduct disorder and adolescent aggressivity. Environmental factors, such as low socioeconomic status and alcoholism in the adoptive parents, were not found to influence the frequency of Type II alcoholism. The data thus far suggest that frontal lobe deficits may be marked among violent offenders. These data suggest the possibility that the introduction of some type of teratogen during gestation may alter normal fetal development. The advances and disadvantages of each method are thoroughly discussed in Raine (1993). Historically, biological theories of crime assumed criminal tendencies could be discovered by looking at physical traits that relate to stereotypical suspects, like having a lot of tattoos or having a muscular physique. 1995). Log in, Classical and Positivist Views of Behavior, The Origins of Humanity and the Mechanisms of Inheritance, Persistence of Human Traits and Characteristics, The Implications of Heredity and Evolution, h. The Legacy of Eugenics and Social Darwinism, Post–World War II Research on Biology and Behavior, Biochemical Explanations: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, Diet, Labeling Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory. Violent offending, but not property offending, may be associated with a disturbance in fetal development. A number of theories have tried to explain why people take part in deviant behavior, which is defined as any behavior that goes against the dominant norms of society.Biological explanations, psychological reasons, and sociological factors have all been linked to such behavior, but three of the major biological explanations for deviancy have been discredited. It was hypothesized that maternal smoking would be related to an increased risk of violent offending among males. ‘‘The Genetic of Antisocial Behavior.’’ In, CHRISTIANSEN, KARL ‘‘A Preliminary Study of Criminality among Twins.’’ In, CLONINGER, C. ROBERT, and GOTTESMAN, IRVING. Promo code: cd1a428655, Biological Theories of Crime Research Paper, Political Theories of Crime Research Paper, Identification in Life Course Criminology Research Paper, Longitudinal Studies in Criminology Research Paper, Economic Theories of Crime Research Paper, Psychological Theories of Crime Research Paper, Sociological Theories of Crime Research Paper, Intellectual History of Criminology Research Paper, Modern Controversies in Criminology Research Paper, Criminology Research Methods Research Paper, Criminology Research Organization Research Paper, Delinquent and Criminal Subcultures Research Paper, Crime in Developing Countries Research Paper, Drugs and Criminal Behavior Research Paper, Behavioral Aspects of Employee Theft Research Paper, Family Relationships and Crime Research Paper, Feminist Perspectives in Criminology Research Paper, Behavioral Aspects of Homicide Research Paper, Prediction of Crime and Recidivism Research Paper, Community Crime Prevention Programs Research Paper, Environmental Determinism and Crime Research Paper, Police Role in Crime Prevention Research Paper, Historical Crime Statistics Research Paper, Crime Reporting Systems and Methods Research Paper, Typologies of Criminal Behavior Research Paper. Establishing a heritable component to criminal behavior begs the question as to whether serious forms of criminal behavior, such as violent criminal offending in particular, may also be a heritable trait. Using an unselected sample of 3,586 twin pairs in Denmark, Christiansen reported 52 percent of the monozygotic twins were (probandwise) concordant for criminal behavior whereas only 22 percent of the dizygotic twins were (probandwise) concordant for criminal behavior. Since the Second World War, biological theories have also been expanded to include other aspects: In addition to genetic and physiological investigations, biochemical and extensive neurological research in criminology has become increasingly important in recent decades. The first adoption study to explore the genetic transmission of criminal behavior was carried out in Iowa by Crowe. The U.S. justice system is largely influenced by a classical … Twin studies support the contention that a heritable trait may increase risk for criminal behavior. These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism (also known as determinism), which asserts that behaviors, including law-violating behaviors, are determined by factors largely beyond individual control. The prenatal period presents a nine-month window in which the developing fetus may be exposed to a variety of stressors and agents. The limitation of neuropsychological indices, however, is that they present an indirect measure of brain functioning. ‘‘Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Adult Male Criminal Outcomes.’’, CADORET, REMI, and CAIN, COLLEEN. Type II alcoholism, in contrast, appears to have a strong genetic component. A young boy has been exhibiting aggressive behavior in class. Criminology - Criminology - Sociological theories: The largest number of criminological theories have been developed through sociological inquiry. A study in Oregon provided an important clue in that mental illness, particularly severe mental illness, may be genetically related to violence. Both compiling and analyzing the body of scholarship devoted to understanding the criminal brain, this volume serves as a condensed, accessible, and contemporary exploration of biological theories of crime … ‘‘Some Genetic Aspects of Alcoholism and Criminality.’’, BOHMAN, MICHAEL; CLONINGER, C. ROBERT; SIGVARDSSON, SOREN; and VON KNORRING, ANNE LIS. The use of twin studies to test questions of heritablilty are limited in that it is a rare occurrence for the twins to be reared in separate environments. The largest adoption study to date was carried out in Denmark by the present authors’ research group (n = 14,427). If the adoptive parents were convicted and the biological parents were not, this figure only increased to 14.7 percent. Two independent adoption studies, however, have failed to provide support for the hypothesis that violence is a heritable trait (Bohman et al. Frontal lobe damage may also be attributed to birth or delivery complications, for example. First, the operational definition of ‘‘criminal behavior’’ varied from mild incidental offenses to long-term incarceration. A review of biochemical studies that have investigated the role of low serotonin concentrations in the emergence of criminal behavior follows. For instance, individuals with low levels of particular types of neurotransmitters have an increased likelihood of engaging in … Twin studies compare the rate of criminal behavior of twins who are genetically identical or monozygotic twins (MZ) with twins who are not, or dizygotic twins (DZ) in order to assess the role of genetic and environmental influences. Continued efforts to pinpoint specific brain regions associated with an increased risk in violent offending will advance our understanding of the etiology of violent criminal behavior. Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. In Helsinki, our research group reported that second-trimester maternal influenza significantly increased the risk of adult schizophrenia (Mednick et al., 1988) and major affective disorder (Machon and Mednick) in the exposed fetuses. The terms ‘‘biological’’ and ‘‘genetic’’ are often confused, in part due to the fact that they represent overlapping sources of influence. Psychophysiological measures, including electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, heart rate (HR), event-related potentials (ERP), and skin conductance (SC), have been identified as potential biological markers that may help to distinguish criminals from noncriminals. 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