MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE . [10] Holden Reid, :The Legacy of Liddell Hart," p.69. A direct rejoinder to Mearsheimer came from US Army War College professor, and Liddell Hart ‘pupil’, Jay Luvaas’s review of his book. It is both ambiguous and attritional, ensuring that an enemy is weakened "by pricks instead of blows." [12] Holden Reid, "The Legacy of Liddell Hart," p.67. The Proxy War — SCHIP and the Government's Role in Health Care … H�ևp/z00�(��2� �#c�V ����} ,����O�A�1� !k8� Above and beyond the internal power struggle, the conflict has acquired the character of a proxy war in which international, regional and subna-tional conflicts are fought out. Follow the logo below, and you too can contribute to The Bridge: Enjoy what you just read? William Westmoreland played a key role as general in expanding U.S. commitment in Vietnam when North Vietnamese regulars threatened to cut through South Vietnam in the Central Highlands. By tackling and engaging in proxy warfare we are both perpetually avoiding and committing to a continuous conflict. In order for a conflict to be considered a proxy war, there must be a direct, long-term relationship between external actors and the belligerents involved. Learn how the war in Syria began, how it impacts the region, and track the latest news with CFR’s Global Conflict Tracker. As with all displacement activities rarely do they fulfil the ultimate objective. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan, in the Post 2014 era. Character In this type of external conflict, one character struggles against another, though the source of this struggle can vary. Twenty years after peace accords were signed, many aspects of El Salvador’s long civil war remain murky. created and supported scalable proxy elements based on different objectives in Tibet. Define a role that is mapped to one or more principals in a security realm. There are few signs emanating from the Trump White House that there is an appetite in the new administration for extensive expeditionary military engagements. Conquer other kingdoms and merge them into your own empire! Christopher Coker has argued that the language and methods of risk analysis are applicable to the way that modern war is understood and conducted and that war has fundamentally "become risk management in all but name. It can soften an enemy, erode their will, but it is not a strategy designed to produce an acknowledgeable battlefield win. The end of the Cold War was one of the few historical moments in which people around the world looked forward to a future that promised to be more just and peaceful for everyone. His new book Counterinsurgency Wars and the Anglo-American Alliance: The Special Relationship on the Rocks is due out in early 2018 with Georgetown University Press. H�d��n�6��}�܃��E�< The actors here treat the conflict as a zero-sum game, where success for one is automatically a defeat for the other. War models or focused on state-sponsored terrorism, the impact of external support in civil wars, and the efficacy of counterinsurgency campaigns. For a major criticism of Liddell Hart’s work, which questions how he positioned the indirect approach vis interpretations of the historical record of both world wars, see John J. Mearsheimer, Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. The key word is instigated by major power. Liddell Hart based his notion on an understanding that brains were a more effective strategic lever than brawn, arguing that indirect methods “endow warfare with intelligent properties that raise it above the brute application of force.”[4] This required focusing strategic efforts on the psychological will of the enemy, emphasising the nature of surprise. Asia Aug 19th 1999 edition. For more information, see the Directory locations and properties page in the WebSphere Application Server Liberty Core user documentation. If anything, Iranian leaders appear just as committed as ever to engagement across the Middle East using irregular methods. America found itself united with Iran and other Gulf states in the effort to quell the rise of this virulent movement and roll back the borders of this self-proclaimed Sunni caliphate. Aug 19th 1999. delhi AP. See Jay Luvaas, ‘Liddell Hart and the Mearsheimer Critique: A “Pupil’s” Retrospective’, Parameters (March 1990), pp.9-19. [9] Brian Holden Reid, "The Legacy of Liddell Hart: The Contrasting Responses of Michael Howard and André Beaufre," British Journal for Military History (Vol.1, No.1, 2014), p.67. An indirect approach ensures that “the business of war… [is] not position and attrition and mutual exhaustion, but analysis and paralysis and maximal preservation.”[14] The recourse to proxy war provides a strong capacity for analysis by the proxy’s benefactor given the spatial displacement from any lethal activity; a high chance for enemy paralysis given the sudden potency of their indirectly-sponsored opponent (as seen in Crimea in 2014 given the rapid successes scored by pro-Russian militias); and the most literal guarantee of force protection given the displacement of kinetic activity to proxies. The resurgence of proxy warfare (a type of conflict long associated with the Cold War) does not reinvent the wheel in strategic terms. cold war regional security agenda of interstate wars, border and resource disputes, and failed states. fulfillment of the requirements for the . Even if the prosecution and countering of proxy warfare looks like neither war nor peace, proxy wars are fought in the increasingly militarised grey area in between due to the indirect responsibility for kinetic activity inside a conflict zone. There has been an increase in the size and capabilities of militias supported by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-Quds Force in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen collectively. Why Pakistan’s proxy war will now intensify : The Tribune India He was feted on book promotion tours and had his ideas openly embraced by the then Senator Jack Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election. Afghanistan being used for proxy war against Pakistan: PM | The … The coercion of regional neighbours and territorial annexation inside Crimea in 2014 by Russia has opened up a policy dilemma for the West in regards to how Russian use of volunteers creates the scope for indirect war to be waged as part of a wider hybrid war strategy.[21]. If we shift our understanding of the main raison d’etre of the strategy away from broad interpretations of avoiding strength to attack weakness and towards an appreciation of the desire to avoid any direct intervention by instead outsourcing kinetic activity to a third party proxy. %PDF-1.5 %���� It lacks decisiveness, overwhelming force, or the provision of superior numbers. Russia warns of a "proxy war" developing in the Middle East after the US says it will send special forces to Syria to help rebels fight Islamic State. COMPETITIVE patriotism is the mood of the moment on the subcontinent. A proxy war is defined to be "a war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have help and support from these". [Dictionary 1] The United Nations does not wage war (or proxy war): its … Afghanistan, the Forgotten Proxy War - Global ResearchGlobal … Portrait of General William Tecumseh Sherman, 1865, taken by Matthew Brady (Wikimedia). ����|���zy��W��Eц vs���� �\T-�n^3��fi�z��.�$�_��UWt!���X�|���+Z>BX�z 4kר�ya�y�x��C�x���L The history of proxy wars demonstrates how third party interference causes the prolonging of the initial bi-party conflict through the creation of stalemate conditions, which can alter the strategic perceptions of the target state. by . A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army . MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE [22] For further discussion of these factors see Andrew Mumford, "Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict," RUSI Journal (Vol. We are entering a new era of proxy war, and thus the indirect approach, for several reasons. Liddell Hart himself had an undeniable tendency to selectively decide what was an example of the indirect approach at work based on its success or failure. Finally, we cannot ignore the role played by two key international players: China and Russia. Such characteristics remain pertinent factors in understanding how states aim to degrade and ultimately destroy the capabilities of groups like ISIS, or undermine rival regional powers today. THE ANGOLAN PROXY WAR: A STUDY OF FOREIGN INTERVENTION AND ITS IMPACT ON WAR FIGHTING . Freedman reminds us that “underdog strategies, in situations where the starting balance of power would predict defeat, provide the real test of creativity.”[19] By taking the immediate belligerency out of war, via the obfuscation of responsibility for what could be construed as an act of war, the recourse to an indirect proxy war is strategically creative because of the way in which it makes strategic strengths (such as deniability) out of weaknesses (such as economic constraints and a poor conventional military capacity). [20] Emile Simpson, War from the Ground Up: Twenty-First Century Combat as Politics (London: Hurst, 2012), p.6. S�)�5�Er�ʍ�x�| 1�m�~_-��Ǟ�Q�m���NjZ�ϊ^K��r�hG�(z�騵���L�#��Ɍ5���2�1�6��PQz\��F3�%ss�ᙓ����`����1�9\��:��(� [8] Shelford Bidwell, Modern Warfare: A Study of Men, Weapons and Theories (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p.199. Yet by being strategically designed to circumvent situations that look like, or could lead to, conventional conflict, proxy warfare will take a position of near permanence on the strategic landscape, much like they did during the Cold War. The provision of large amounts of weapons and funding to an enemy’s enemy can affect the decision-making capacity of that enemy if what first appeared to be a winnable war is recalibrated to stalemate thanks to targeted indirect intervention by a third party. XXVII. The result of this? [6] Quoted in Lawrence Freedman, Strategy: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p.44. Elements of Foreign Policy: The foreign policy of a nation is formulated and implemented by its policy makers. The simultaneous battle to oust Assad from power in Damascus has seen Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar channel financial assistance and weapons towards their favoured rival Sunni groups in the hope it would lead to an outcome of their liking. From 1965 to 1967, he was instrumental in raising the level of U.S. forces committed to South Vietnam and in developing the strategy for the ground war. Vajpayee and pin-up. [2] Statistics drawn from Bruno Tertrais, "The Demise of Ares: The End of War as We Know It?," The Washington Quarterly (Vol.35 No.3 2012), p.8. the indirect approach had manifestly guided the British Way of Warfare (the title of his 1932 book) from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. War in the modern world is changing. Proxy war can been defined as: “the indirect engagement in a conflict by third parties wishing to influence its strategic outcome.”[15] This can involve the provision of weapons, money and other forms of assistance, but crucially absolves the intervening party (often described as a benefactor or sponsor) from having to undertake its own direct military intervention in a pre-existing conflict by outsourcing the lethal activity to a proxy, such as a militia group or other national military (often labelled a surrogate). Will the Kurds Spark Another Middle Eastern Proxy War? The C.I.A. Compounding this is Russia’s use of proxies inside the contested zones on NATO’s southern and eastern flanks. A proxy war is an armed conflict between two states or non-state actors which act on the instigation or on behalf of other parties that are not directly involved in the hostilities. [24] Liddell Hart, Strategy: The Indirect Approach, p.373. 2, April/May 2013), pp. [26] Christopher Coker, War in an Age of Risk (Cambridge: Polity, 2009), p.viii. In doing so they take into account the national interest of the nation, the internal and external environment, the national values, the foreign policy goals and decisions of other nations and the nature of international power structure. Indeed, the best it can produce is a strategic impasse. The shift in the modern landscape of war wrought by the heightened use of proxy militias and dulled appetite for boots on the ground in conflict zones from Syria to Ukraine should give us reason to learn how to play Liddell Hart’s signature tune as a means of making greater sense of this new era of proliferated proxy war. endstream endobj startxref [7] For a major criticism of Liddell Hart’s work, which questions how he positioned the indirect approach vis interpretations of the historical record of both world wars, see John J. Mearsheimer, Liddell Hart and the Weight of History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988). Aug 19th 1999. The overarching purpose of the indirect approach is to reduce resistance within the mindset of enemy decision-makers. We need to break the cycle. Secondly, a new set of actors on the international political scene have emerged who are prime to become proxy war-wagers of the future, including private military companies and internet hackers. But war is not becoming an obsolete element of human interaction. The basic elements of a story are: Setting, Character, Plot, Conflict, and Theme. Yet Bidwell, correctly, ultimately forgives Liddell Hart’s “exaggeration and fancifulness” because he “used an electric ox-goad to penetrate the hide of orthodox military thought.”[8], The Art of War in a classical bamboo book (Wikimedia) and a modern book (Amazon), Liddell Hart first enunciated his ideas on the topic in book form in 1929, followed by a further four books building on the same theme in 1941, 1946, 1954, and 1967. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy. While the cold war involved external proxy contests in the Horn of Africa, a key security legacy from the colonial era that was not significantly contested was the near monopoly of maritime security in the region by a single global According to data collected and analyzed in this br… Yet the increasingly risk averse nature of politically-minded and financially constrained strategic planning has embraced the idea of an indirect approach and eschewed the idea (more out of hope than anything else) that victory comes at the price of blood. Liddell Hart observed over half a century ago that “the nuclear deterrent… does not apply and cannot be applied to the deterrence of subtler forms of aggression.”[24] Indeed, nuclear deterrence could indeed promote the recourse of other, more irregular, forms of conflict. The proxy war or ' limited war ' strategy would be a feature of other Cold War conflicts, for example the Vietnam War. [3] So-called little green men—Russian volunteers, insisted Russian President Vladimir Putin—took control of key areas in the eastern part of Ukraine. Tehran wields influence in the Middle East through its use of non-state partners, despite renewed U.S. sanctions against Iran and a U.S. withdrawal from the nuclear deal. An indirect approach takes what Liddell Hart called “the line of least resistance” in the physical sense and the “line of least expectation” in the psychological sense. This is assured, Liddell Hart argued, through a sudden "change of front,” thus dislocating the enemy through movement in the physical sphere (which can be achieved through territorial gains made as a result of bolstering a proxy materially or financially) and dislocating the enemy commanders steadfastness in the psychological sphere due to the surprise nature of sudden enemy effectiveness (again achieved indirectly through third party benevolence). As such, contemporary proxy warfare is a modern manifestation of an indirect strategic approach. absent external support; rather, the concern is that whatever the situation, the proxy did not feel that resorting to war was worth it, absent whatever benefit the benefactor would bring. Thus, in this thesis, the actions that detract from Indian economic growth must be neutralized, and foremost among these is Pakistani proxy wars and interference in India. Here’s a breakdown of what the term means and some of the times they have happene… absent external support; rather, the concern is that whatever the situation, the proxy did not feel that resorting to war was worth it, absent whatever benefit the benefactor would bring. endstream endobj 798 0 obj <>/Metadata 73 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[816 0 R]>>/PageLabels 791 0 R/Pages 793 0 R/StructTreeRoot 133 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 799 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 800 0 obj <>stream 25 Proxy Wars Role of External Elements 26 Economic Conditions … The agencies also found that the ISI has got active support of Kerala-based Jihadi Global dynamics with respect to external political, economic and social factors have continued to test Pakistan’s resolve as a viable State. l۠N��9�6���@R����Re7���&Cg��yt.�,� ���Ι�9�g�BKΔЂ%�%�X�r��e���dס�x���o�N��;,\�����o1�Y,�z00,�ޝ�g�z�a=��ɚ�U,>a"zr*C�i���&�)v��:�д �;�����c��ί��m� �� The result is a heightened appeal in the use of proxies as a means of securing national interest indirectly. Looking at the maneuvers by Iran and the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen from afar, the battlefield looks a lot like a black-and-white contest for regional power. The basic elements of a story are: Setting, Character, Plot, Conflict, and Theme. In such a situation, the benefactor plays a more causal, though still indirect, role in bringing the war about. Indeed, in many ways contemporary proxy warfare is the latest iteration of what Sir Basil Liddell Hart labelled the indirect approach. Despite its persistent presence throughout the history of warfare, proxy warfare needs to be fully sketched out and conceptually understood to avoid strategic confusion, which often arises when conflicts involving multiple competing actors in confusing political environments are conceived of using traditional concepts of war. [Dictionary 1] The United Nations does not wage war (or proxy war): its peacekeeping military actions are instead police actions. Command and General Staff College in partial . cold war regional security agenda of interstate wars, border and resource disputes, and failed states. The last edition (titled Strategy: An Indirect Approach) sold over 100,000 copies in the US alone and was treated, as Brian Holden Reid rightly describes, as “a major intellectual event in the armed forces of the West and beyond.”[9] His theorising of modern war was borne out of a military career cut short by injury in the First World War, followed by doctrine-writing work for the Army, and as a military correspondent for the Daily Telegraph and The Times. Iran’s economic woes have not contributed to declining activism in the region—at least not yet. ��@9K�l܃A�L1ה� ŀ�Y ��sԅl���\2���2���98��XG�1�5��4��d4�L�:ό?���Yą(O����������\� ':��=�RNXi�:�����p@�YSՄ�q�? But as the U.S. considers escalating its role in the conflict—and Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis visits Riyadh this week—it is essential to understand how local realities can get lost in a proxy war. The resurgence of proxy warfare (a type of conflict long associated with the Cold However, all proxy wars can be considered contemporary acts of the indirect approach. The UN says it will need $3.2bn to help the 13.5 million people, including 6 million children, who will require some form of humanitarian assistance inside Syria in 2016. More often than not, many of the proxy wars of the Cold War (such as the US’s indirect intervention in Afghanistan during the 1980s) and after (like the recent Iranian proxy involvement against Build your own empire or bow to others' supremacy - it's up to you. …a proxy war by Pakistan in two Indian provinces merely affects less than 10% of all Indian provinces, a proxy war by India in two Pakistani provinces can affect 40% of Pakistan. h�b```a``� "y{������(α�APP�Q��)q �� ��q1d7� �۠y�Q����!,ReR$��}�"q��x���9}@"*\%X�j�v#B� C�����&�. You then map these roles to principals in your realm with the element (see in the WebLogic-specific deployment descriptor, weblogic.xml. Since the end of World War II, some military historians claim the majority of wars on a numerical basis fought since 1945 have either included, or been dominated by proxy fighters. At the moment, such patterns are evident inside Syria. Note: Where usr is the usr directory for WebSphere Application Server Liberty profile. Proxy wars are fought at arms-length by those who want to simultaneously protect or expand their interests whilst avoiding the exposure and costs of a direct military intervention. The indirect element of modern strategic approaches therefore refers to both the source of the threat (something that is complicated by the use of proxies) and the ambiguous methods often utilised (that are seen as a guarantor of maintaining the plausible deniability of the perpetrator and mitigating against escalation). 797 0 obj <> endobj The incident became the subject of competing narratives of proxy El Salvador’s brutal civil war: What we still don’t know. More advanced elements of a story are Point-of-view, Tone and Style. %� ' ... had fought a proxy war. #1: Character vs. The need for a proxy war strategy that adequately balances ends, ways, and means (the traditional triptych of strategic design) requires a fundamental self-assessment of the realistic attainability of the endgame, the restriction on the number of ways it can be achieved and the availability of means. XXV. Many proxy wars tend to end because the proxy outgrows the relationship with the benefactor state. [27] As he said of the indirect strategic approach more generally, it is “closely related to all problems of the influence of mind upon mind.”[28] We should therefore expect a greater investment in information warfare and psychological operations in areas of strategic concern. The continuing rise of China as a global superpower raises significant questions as to how it will exert its presence internationally and whether this actually increases the likelihood of it engaging in proxy wars without damaging its trade relations with the West. His works on General Sherman’s influence in the American civil war, Napoleon’s strategic legacy, and perceptions on the evolution of warfare made him a warrior-scholar of international renown. In short, it is a mode of warfare that we are likely to see more, and not less of, in the coming decades given the confluence of global power shifts, political recalibration, and strategic reassessment by key international players. Proxy wars have been used for centuries as a way for states to indirectly manipulate the outcome of foreign wars (just look at how Catholic Spain and Protestant France flocked to support their co-religionists in the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War; or British support for the Confederacy during the American Civil War given the importance of the cotton trade). While the cold war involved external proxy contests in the Horn of Africa, a key security legacy from the colonial era that was not significantly contested was the near monopoly of maritime security in the region by a single global In doing so they take into account the national interest of the nation, the internal and external environment, the national values, the foreign policy goals and decisions of other nations and the nature of international power structure. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Andrew Mumford is an Associate Professor in Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham, where he is also co-director of the Centre for Conflict, Security and Terrorism. [1] Governments and militaries around the world are simply changing the way that their strategic objectives are secured. Build your own empire or bow to others ' supremacy - it 's up to.... Have become a relative rarity Application deployment descriptor decisiveness, overwhelming force or! War models or focused on state-sponsored terrorism, the best it can soften an enemy erode... To engagement across the Middle East using irregular methods this type of external support in civil wars, border resource... Who the enemy is weakened `` by pricks instead of blows. Bridge: Enjoy what just... With Bitesize GCSE History ( new York: Oxford University Press, 2013,. The agencies also found that the ISI has got active support of Kerala-based elements! 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